The 7-Layer OSI Reference Model & Encapsulation
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model standardizes telecommunication functions into seven logical layers. Data transmitted across a network undergoes encapsulation as it travels down the stack from Layer 7 (Application) through Layer 4 (Transport: TCP/UDP), Layer 3 (Network: IPv4/IPv6 routing), and Layers 2 & 1 (Data Link MAC switching & Physical transmission).