Module 02 • Internet Protocols
IPv6 Architecture & CGNAT Routing Topologies
As IPv4 address exhaustion led Internet Service Providers to deploy Carrier-Grade NAT (CGNAT), modern network engineering relies on IPv6 (128-bit hexadecimal addressing) and encrypted reverse tunnels to establish direct host reachability.
# Inspect global unicast IPv6 addresses on an Ethernet interface
ip -6 addr show dev eth0 scope global
# Verify ICMPv6 path reachability and packet latency
ping6 -c 4 2606:4700:4700::1111